杨树人工林连作效应的研究

通过对莒县沭河流域杨树人工林多代连作条件下林地土壤物理结构、养分特征、土壤酶活性、土壤微生物数量以及林分生长状况的系统研究,发现随着杨树连续栽植代数的增加,其林木的树高、胸径、材积呈明显的下降趋势。多重比较结果表明各代之间的树高、胸径、材积差异均达到了极显著的水平。连作后土壤的物理性状的变化不大,随林地代数的增加,土壤容重略有增大,毛管持水量、毛管孔隙度没有一定规律性。土壤pH值随连作代数的增加而减小。土壤养分随栽植代数的增加,总体呈逐代下降趋势。3代、4代林地与2代林地相比,林地表层土壤有机质及各层速效N、速效P、速效K及微量元素Cu,Zn大幅度下降,而Mn和Fe含量有增加的趋势。在0 2 0cm土层范围内,随连作代数增加,林地土壤脲酶、过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶活性逐渐降低,其变化规律与土壤有机质和速效N ,P ,K含量变化规律相似。过氧化氢酶活性则有随着栽植代数的增加而增加的趋势。连作对杨树人工林土壤微生物数量有显著影响,随着连作代数的增加,土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌的数量大幅度下降     

低丘红壤花生南酸枣间作系统研究III.土壤水分

红壤水分含量随土壤深度而增加为农林间作的水分协同利用提供了可能。但土壤水分动态结果表明农林间作不会改善表层土壤水分状况。南酸枣在干旱季节主要通过吸收深层次土壤水分，与间作花生对表层土壤水分的竞争也不剧烈。与单作南酸枣相比，间作系统中南酸枣种植带土壤水分含量较低。这表明农林间作对土壤水分的影响不是促进间作南酸枣生长、抑制间作花生生长的主要原因。     

大豆连作障碍及调控技术研究进展

综述了近 15年来有关大豆连作引起的根分泌物及残茬腐解物的自毒作用、植株营养失调、病虫危害加重、土壤微生物种群数量和生物肥力及土壤某些理化性质改变等障碍因素方面的研究 ,总结了提高连作大豆产量品质的主要调控措施。在此基础上 ,对有关研究需进一步关注的几个问题进行了讨论     

黄瓜连作对土壤理化性状及生物活性的影响研究

盆栽与田间试验研究黄瓜连作对土壤理化性状及生物活性的影响结果表明,黄瓜连作后土壤次生盐渍化加重,P过剩,K则消耗过多,造成养分不平衡;土壤微生物区系改变,微生物由“细菌型”土壤向“真菌型”土壤转化,土传病虫害加重,线虫密度高达4.38条/g土。     

种植年限对蔬菜大棚土壤肥力的影响

选取不同种植年限蔬菜大棚、露天菜地和一般农田，测定了土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、速效P、速效K和阳离子代换量等主要养分。结果表明：大棚土壤pH值小于露天菜地、小于农田土壤，随种植年限的延长土壤逐渐酸化。3年以后大棚菜地土壤已明显出现N、P严重富集，K含量降低，不同种植年限大棚土壤阳离子代换量随种植时间延长而下降。7年以后的大棚已大部分出现肥力障碍。     

Spatial variation of soil enzyme activities and microbial functional diversity in temperate alley cropping systems

Spatially dependent patterns in microbial properties may exist in temperate alley cropping systems due to differences in litter quality and microclimate in areas under trees compared to those in the alleys. The effect of tree row location was evaluated for its impact on soil enzyme activities and Biolog substrate use patterns. Soils were sampled to a depth of 30 cm at the tree row and at the middle of the alley at two sites: a 21-year-old pecan (Carya illinoinensis)/bluegrass (Poa trivials) intercrop (Pecan site) and a 12-year-old silver maple (Acer saccharinum)/soybean (Glycine max)–maize (Zea mays) rotation (Maple site). Sampling was done in fall 2001 and summer 2002. β-Glucosidase activities, Biolog patterns expressed as average well color (AWC), substrate richness, and Shannon diversity index, and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the tree row than at the middle of the alley for surface soils at the Pecan site. Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolytic activity was also higher at the tree row for soils sampled in the fall, but did not differ significantly for soils sampled in the summer. At the Maple site, AWC and substrate richness were significantly higher at the tree row for soils sampled in 2001. Soil volumetric water content and temperature were generally lower in the tree row at the Maple site. The results of this study suggest that functionally different microbial populations may be present under pecan trees compared to cropped alleys which may promote disparities in nutrient availability necessitating differential long-term nutrient management in such alley cropping systems.     

Effect of water and nitrogen management on aggregate size and carbon enrichment of soil in rice‐wheat cropping system

A study was carried out on a silty clay loam soil (Typic Haplustept) to evaluate the effect of farmyard manure (FYM) vis‐à‐vis fertilizer and irrigation application on the soil organic C content and soil structure. The fertilizer treatments comprised of eight different combinations of N and FYM and three water regimes. The results indicated that the application of FYM and increasing N rate increased soil organic carbon (SOC) content. Addition of FYM also increased the percentage of large sized water stable aggregates (> 5 mm) and reduced the percentage of smaller size aggregates. This was reflected in an increase in the mean weight diameter (MWD) and improved soil structure. The organic carbon content in macroaggregates (> 1 mm) was greater compared to microaggregates, and it declined with decrease in size of microaggregates. This difference in organic C content between macro‐ and microaggregates was more with higher N dose and FYM treated plots. The effect of residual FYM on MWD and organic C content of the soil after wheat harvest was not significant. The effect was less in deeper layers compared to surface layers of the soil. MWD was significantly correlated with the SOC content for the top two layers.     

植物次生代谢物的自毒作用及其与连作障碍的关系

连作障碍问题的发现已有上千年的历史,但对其发生机理和克服措施还没有取得突破。本文分析了植物次生代谢物的种类及其产生机理、次生代谢物的自毒作用、植物对自产的次生代谢有毒物质的抗性机制及其形成时序等,认为次生代谢物对新生植物的自毒作用是连作障碍发生的关键因素之一,并在此基础上提出了克服连作障碍的几种途径。     

Carbon sequestration and relationship between carbon addition and storage under rainfed soybean–wheat rotation in a sandy loam soil of the Indian Himalayas

Soil organic matter (SOM) contributes to the productivity and physical properties of soils. Although crop productivity is sustained mainly through the application of organic manure in the Indian Himalayas, no information is available on the effects of long-term manure addition along with mineral fertilizers on C sequestration and the contribution of total C input towards soil organic C (SOC) storage. We analyzed results of a long-term experiment, initiated in 1973 on a sandy loam soil under rainfed conditions to determine the influence of different combinations of NPK fertilizer and fertilizer + farmyard manure (FYM) at 10 Mg ha⁻¹ on SOC content and its changes in the 0–45 cm soil depth. Concentration of SOC increased 40 and 70% in the NPK + FYM-treated plots as compared to NPK (43.1 Mg C ha⁻¹) and unfertilized control plots (35.5 Mg C ha⁻¹), respectively. Average annual contribution of C input from soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) was 29% and that from wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Emend. Flori and Paol) was 24% of the harvestable above-ground biomass yield. Annual gross C input and annual rate of total SOC enrichment were 4852 and 900 kg C ha⁻¹, respectively, for the plots under NPK + FYM. It was estimated that 19% of the gross C input contributed towards the increase in SOC content. C loss from native SOM during 30 years averaged 61 kg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. The estimated quantity of biomass C required to maintain equilibrium SOM content was 321 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. The total annual C input by the soybean–wheat rotation in the plots under unfertilized control was 890 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Thus, increase in SOC concentration under long-term (30 years) rainfed soybean–wheat cropping was due to the fact that annual C input by the system was higher than the required amount to maintaining equilibrium SOM content.     

西南地区水稻洪涝等级评价指标构建及风险分析

构建水稻洪涝灾害等级评价指标体系,评估水稻洪涝致灾风险,对开展水稻洪涝防灾减灾、灾害保险意义重大。以西南地区一季稻为研究对象,利用气象资料、水稻灾情史料和生育期资料,在水稻洪涝灾害反演的基础上,构建水稻洪涝灾害样本过程雨量序列。基于Kolmogorov-Smirnov(K-S)分布拟合检验,采用置信区间下限值确定阈值的方法,构建水稻洪涝等级评价指标,并采用预留独立水稻洪涝灾害样本进行检验验证。在此基础上,计算西南地区各站点洪涝致灾风险指数。结果表明:水稻洪涝灾害的过程降水强度为抽穗成熟期拔节孕穗期移栽分蘖期;构建的西南地区水稻洪涝等级指标能较好地反映水稻洪涝实际受灾程度,指标验证完全一致的吻合率为66.7%,完全一致及相差1级的吻合率为100%。水稻洪涝灾害风险移栽分蘖期拔节孕穗期抽穗成熟期,高风险区域主要位于云南南部和东北部、贵州南部、以及四川中部的成都、眉山和德阳地区。